Despite the importance of precise evaluation of wear volume losses from cylinders, several factors make the investigation of large surface areas from cylinder bores a hard issue. Topography analysis has been widely used to quantify wear in cylinders but no method was found in the literature for the quantification of wear volume losses considering the whole stroke length of cylinder bores. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) measurements were taken from a gasoline engine tested in dynamometer for 625 h and wear volume profiles were obtained for all cylinders. The results from the proposed method showed good agreement with both the variation of the core height and the visual analysis from stereo images.
Issue Section:
Friction and Wear
Keywords:
Piston rings,
Sliding,
Surface properties ,
Surface roughness,
Wear,
Characterization,
Asperities
References
1.
Taylor
, C. M.
, 1998
, “Automobile Engine Tribology—Design Considerations for Efficiency and Durability
,” Wear
, 221
(1
), pp. 1
–8
.2.
Lakshminarayanan
, P. A.
, and Nayak
, N. S.
, 2011
, Critical Component Wear in Heavy Duty Engines
, Wiley
, Singapore.3.
Spearot
, J. A.
, 2000, “Friction, Wear, Health, and Environmental Impacts—Tribology in the New Millennium
,” A Keynote Lecture at the STLE Annual Meeting
, Nashville, TN, pp. 22–26.4.
Rubach
, S.
, Riemer
, T.
, Valentin
, J.
, and Delto
, C.
, 2014
, “Wear Detection on Cylinder Liners With Optical 3D Measuring Technology
,” MTZ Worldwide
, 75
(3
), pp. 38
–43
.5.
Obara
, R. B.
, Souza
, R. M.
, and Tomanik
, E.
, 2017
, “Quantification of Folded Metal in Cylinder Bores Through Surface Relocation
,” Wear
, 384–385
, pp. 142
–150
.6.
Sreenath
, A. V.
, and Raman
, N.
, 1976
, “Running-In Wear of a Compression Ignition Engine—Factors Influencing the Conformance Between Cylinder Liner and Piston Rings
,” Wear
, 38
(2
), pp. 271
–289
.7.
Pawlus
, P.
, 1994
, “A Study on the Functional Properties of Honed Cylinders Surface During Running-In
,” Wear
, 176
(2
), pp. 247
–254
.8.
Andersson
, P.
, Tamminen
, J.
, and Sandström
, C.-E.
, 2002
, “Piston Ring Tribology: A Literature Survey
,” Julkaisija, Helsinki, Finland, VTT Tiedotteita—Research Notes No. 2178.9.
Korcek
, S.
, Jensen
, R. K.
, Johnson
, M. D.
, and Sorab
, J.
, 1999
, “Fuel Efficient Engine Oils, Additive Interactions, Boundary Friction, and Wear
,” Tribol. Ser.
, 36
, pp. 13
–24
.10.
Rahnejat
, H.
, 2010
, Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain: Fundamentals, Applications and Future Trends
, Elsevier
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.11.
Patel
, R. A.
, and Niralgikar
, K. H.
, 2015, “A Review of Wear in Piston Ring of Internal Combustion Engine
,” Proc. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol.
, 4
(6), pp. 972–977.https://www.ijert.org/download/13537/a-review-of-wear-in-piston-ring-of-internal-combustion-engine12.
Sreenath
, A. V.
, and Raman
, N.
, 1976
, “Mechanism of Smoothing of Cylinder Liner Surface During Running-In
,” Tribol. Int.
, 9
(2
), pp. 55
–62
.13.
Dimkovski
, Z.
, Anderberg
, C.
, Rosen
, B. G.
, Ohlsson
, R.
, and Thomas
, T. R.
, 2009
, “Quantification of the Cold Worked Material Inside the Deep Honing Grooves on Cylinder Liner Surfaces and Its Effect on Wear
,” Wear
, 267
(12
), pp. 2235
–2242
.14.
Gautam
, M.
, Chitoor
, K.
, Durbha
, M.
, and Summers
, J. C.
, 1999
, “Effect of Diesel Soot Contaminated Oil on Engine Wear—Investigation of Novel Oil Formulations
,” Tribol. Int.
, 32
(12
), pp. 687
–699
.15.
Miller
, A. L.
, Stipe
, C. B.
, Habjan
, M. C.
, and Ahlstrand
, G. G.
, 2007
, “Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions From a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
, 41
(19
), pp. 6828
–6835
.16.
Terheci
, M.
, Manory
, R. R.
, and Hensler
, J. H.
, 1995
, “The Friction and Wear of Automotive Grey Cast-Iron Under Dry Sliding Conditions—Part 1: Relationships Between Wear Loss and Testing Parameters
,” Wear
, 180
(1–2
), pp. 73
–78
.17.
Gangopadhyay
, A.
, 2000
, “Development of a Piston Ring-Cylinder Bore Wear Model
,” SAE
Paper No. 2000-01-1788.18.
Gara
, L.
, Zou
, Q.
, Sangeorzan
, B. P.
, Barber
, G. C.
, McCormick
, H. E.
, and Mekari
, M. H.
, 2010
, “Wear Measurement of the Cylinder Liner of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using a Replication Method
,” Wear
, 268
(3–4
), pp. 558
–564
.19.
Becker
, E.
, and Ludema
, K.
, 1999
, “A Qualitative Empirical Model of Cylinder Bore Wear
,” Wear
, 225–229
(Pt. 1), pp. 387
–404
.20.
Uozato
, S.
, Nakata
, K.
, and Ushio
, M.
, 2005
, “Evaluation of Ferrous Powder Thermal Spray Coatings on Diesel Engine Cylinder Bores
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 200
(7
), pp. 2580
–2586
.21.
Tomanik
, E.
, 2008
, “Friction and Wear Bench Tests of Different Engine Liner Surface Finishes
,” Tribol. Int.
, 41
(11
), pp. 1032
–1038
.22.
Pawlus
, P.
, 1993
, “Effects of Honed Cylinder Surface-Topography on the Wear of Piston Piston Ring Cylinder Assemblies Under Artificially Increased Dustiness Conditions
,” Tribol. Int.
, 26
(1
), pp. 49
–55
.23.
Roensch
, M. M.
, 1937
, “Observations on Cylinder-Bore Wear
,” SAE
Paper No. 0148-7191.24.
Arnold
, W.
, Stonehocker
, V.
, Braun
, W.
, and Sunderman
, D.
, 1960
, “Radioactive Cylinders—A Tool for Wear Research
,” SAE
Paper No. 0148-7191.25.
Jeng
, Y. R.
, Lin
, Z. W.
, and Shyu
, S. H.
, 2004
, “Changes of Surface Topography During Running-In Process
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 126
(3
), pp. 620
–625
.26.
Pawlus
, P.
, 1997
, “Change of Cylinder Surface Topography in the Initial Stage of Engine Life
,” Wear
, 209
(1–2
), pp. 69
–83
.27.
Dimkovski
, Z.
, Anderberg
, C.
, Ohlsson
, R.
, and Rosen
, B. G.
, 2011
, “Characterisation of Worn Cylinder Liner Surfaces by Segmentation of Honing and Wear Scratches
,” Wear
, 271
(3–4
), pp. 548
–552
.28.
Leighton
, M.
, Morris
, N.
, Gore
, M.
, Rahmani
, R.
, Rahnejat
, H.
, and King
, P.
, 2016
, “Boundary Interactions of Rough Non-Gaussian Surfaces
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part J
, 230
(11
), pp. 1359
–1370
.29.
Kumar
, R.
, Kumar
, S.
, Prakash
, B.
, and Sethuramiah
, A.
, 2000
, “Assessment of Engine Liner Wear From Bearing Area Curves
,” Wear
, 239
(2
), pp. 282
–286
.30.
Schneider
, E. W.
, and Blossfeld
, D. H.
, 2004
, “Effect of Break-In and Operating Conditions on Piston Ring and Cylinder Bore Wear in Spark-Ignition Engines
,” SAE
Paper No. 0148-7191.31.
Stachowiak
, G. W.
, Batchelor
, A. W.
, Stachowiak
, G. B.
, Gwidon
, W.
, and Stachowiak
, A. W. B. A. G. B. S.
, 2004
, “4—Measurement of Friction and Wear
,” Experimental Methods in Tribology
, Elsevier
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 79
–102
.32.
Khruschov
, M.
, 1960
, “A New Method for the Determination of Wear of Machine Parts
,” Wear
, 3
(1
), pp. 60
–71
.33.
Obara
, R. B.
, and Sinatora
, A.
, 2016
, “Quantification of Cylinder Bores Almost ‘Zero-Wear’
,” Wear
, 364–365
, pp. 224
–232
.34.
Gore
, M.
, Perera
, M.
, Styles
, G.
, King
, P.
, and Rahnejat
, H.
, 2011, “Wear Characteristics of Advanced Honed and Cross-Hatched Coated Cylinder Liners
,” 66th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the STLE
, Atlanta, GA, May 11–13, p. 73
.35.
Cabanettes
, E.
, and Rosen
, B. G.
, 2014
, “Topography Changes Observation During Running-In of Rolling Contacts
,” Wear
, 315
(1–2
), pp. 78
–86
.36.
Mezghani
, S.
, Demirci
, I.
, Yousfi
, M.
, and El Mansori
, M.
, 2013
, “Running-In Wear Modeling of Honed Surface for Combustion Engine Cylinder Liners
,” Wear
, 302
(1–2
), pp. 1360
–1369
.37.
Buj Corral
, I.
, Vivancos Calvet
, J.
, and Coba Salcedo
, M.
, 2010
, “Use of Roughness Probability Parameters to Quantify the Material Removed in Plateau-Honing
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 50
(7
), pp. 621
–629
.38.
Sasajima
, K.
, Naoi
, K.
, and Tsukada
, T.
, 2000
, “A Software-Based Relocation Technique for Surface Asperity Profiles and Its Application to Calculate Volume Changes in Running-In Wear
,” Wear
, 240
(1–2
), pp. 152
–163
.39.
Dimkovski
, Z.
, Baath
, L.
, Rosen
, S.
, Ohlsson
, R.
, and Rosen
, B. G.
, 2011
, “Interference Measurements of Deposits on Cylinder Liner Surfaces
,” Wear
, 270
(3–4
), pp. 247
–251
.40.
Buhaug
, Ø.
, and Almås
, T.
, 2004
, “Characterisation of Diesel Engine Cylinder Liner Deposits by Surface Measurements
,” Lubr. Sci.
, 10
(3
), pp. 207
–223
.41.
Montgomery
, R.
, 1969
, “Run-In and Glaze Formation on Gray Cast Iron Surfaces
,” Wear
, 14
(2
), pp. 99
–105
.42.
McGeehan
, J.
, 1983
, “Effect of Piston Deposits, Fuel Sulfur, and Lubricant Viscosity on Diesel Engine Oil Consumption and Cylinder Bore Polishing
,” SAE
Paper No. 0148-7191.43.
Priest
, M.
, and Taylor
, C. M.
, 2000
, “Automobile Engine Tribology—Approaching the Surface
,” Wear
, 241
(2
), pp. 193
–203
.44.
Priest
, M.
, 1996
, “The Wear and Lubrication of Piston Rings
,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.45.
Michalski
, J.
, and Wos
, P.
, 2011
, “The Effect of Cylinder Liner Surface Topography on Abrasive Wear of Piston-Cylinder Assembly in Combustion Engine
,” Wear
, 271
(3–4
), pp. 582
–589
.46.
Naylor
, M.
, Kodali
, P.
, and Wang
, J.
, 2001
, “Diesel Engine Tribology
,” Modern Tribology Handbook
, Vol. 2
, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1258
–1261
.47.
Ting
, L.
, and Mayer
, J.
, 1974
, “Piston Ring Lubrication and Cylinder Bore Wear Analyses—Part II: Theory Verification
,” ASME J. Lubr. Technol.
, 96
(2
), pp. 258
–266
.48.
Obara
, R. B.
, Faria
, J. O. M. G.
, and Sinatora
, A.
, 2016
, “The Effect of Oxide and Tribofilm Formation on the Wear of Cylinder Bores From Flex-Fuel Engines
,” SAE
Paper No. 2016-36-0277.https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2016-36-0277/49.
Obara
, R. B.
, 2018
, “Avaliação do desgaste em cilindros de motores de combustão interna—Mapeamento de mecanismos e quantificação do desgaste
,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.50.
Stachowiak
, G.
, and Batchelor
, A. W.
, 2013
, Engineering Tribology
, Butterworth-Heinemann
, Oxford, UK.51.
Leach
, R.
, Brown
, J.
, Jiang
, X.
, Blunt
, R.
, Conroy
, M.
, and Mauger
, D.
, 2008
, “Guide to the Measurement of Smooth Surface Topography Using Coherence Scanning Interferometry
,” National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK.52.
ISO
, 1996
, “Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)—Surface Texture, Profile Method—Rules, and Procedures for the Assessment of Surface Texture
,” International Organization for Standardization, London, Standard No. ISO 4288.53.
Stout
, K. J.
, Davis
, E.
, and Sullivan
, P.
, 2012
, Atlas of Machined Surfaces
, Springer Science & Business Media
, London.54.
Hutchings
, I. M.
, 1992
, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials
, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.55.
Bisson
, E. E.
, Johnson
, R. L.
, Swikert
, M. A.
, and Godfrey
, D.
, 1956
, “Friction, Wear, and Surface Damage of Metals as Affected by Solid Surface Films
,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, DC, NACA Report No. 1254.56.
Raillard
, B.
, Gouton
, L.
, Ramos-Moore
, E.
, Grandthyll
, S.
, Müller
, F.
, and Mücklich
, F.
, 2012
, “Ablation Effects of Femtosecond Laser Functionalization on Steel Surfaces
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 207
, pp. 102
–109
.57.
Denkena
, B.
, Knoll
, G.
, Bach
, F.-W.
, Maier
, H. J.
, Reithmeier
, E.
, and Dinkelacker
, F.
, 2015
, Microstructuring of Thermo-Mechanically Highly Stressed Surfaces
, Springer
, London.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.