A model presented earlier by the author (Nikas et al., 1998, 1999) for the study of the possible risks associated with the entrapment of debris particles in lubricated contacts has been refined to account for additional influential factors that could affect the results obtained from the initial model. The new results showed that soft contaminants could indeed be very destructive and damage a concentrated sliding contact mainly due to the thermal stresses developed from the frictional heating of the contact during the plastic compression and shearing of a particle. This model yielded flash temperatures of the order of 100°C and up to 2000°C (or more, until local yield occurs). It also showed that it is often the thermal stresses which cause the problems, rather than the mechanical stresses from particles’ deformation.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Nikas
, G. K.
, Sayles
, R. S.
, and Ioannides
, E.
, 1998
, “Effects of Debris Particles in Sliding/Rolling Elastohydrodynamic Contacts
,” IMechE J. Eng. Tribol.
, 212
, No. J5
, pp. 333
–343
.2.
Nikas
, G. K.
, Ioannides
, E.
, and Sayles
, R. S.
, 1999
, “Thermal Modeling and Effects From Debris Particles in Sliding/Rolling EHD Line Contacts—A Possible Local Scuffing Mode
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 121
, No. 2
, pp. 272
–281
.3.
Nikas
, G. K.
, Sayles
, R. S.
, and Ioannides
, E.
, 1999
, “Thermoelastic Distortion of EHD Line Contacts During the Passage of Soft Debris Particles
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 121
, No. 2
, pp. 265
–271
.4.
Khonsari
, M. M.
, and Wang
, S. H.
, 1990
, “On the Role of Particulate Contamination in Scuffing Failure
,” Wear
, 137
, pp. 51
–62
.5.
Webster, M. N., Ioannides, E., and Sayles, R. S., 1986, “The Effect of Topographical Defects on the Contact Stress and Fatigue Life in Rolling Element Bearings,” Proc. of the 12th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology (Mechanisms and Surface Distress), Butterworths, pp. 207–221.
6.
Chandrasekaran
, S.
, Khemchandani
, M. V.
, and Sharma
, J. P.
, 1985
, “Effect of Abrasive Contaminants on Scuffing
,” Tribol. Int.
, 18
, No. 4
, pp. 219
–222
.7.
Tallian, T. E., 1992, Failure Atlas for Hertz Contact Machine Elements, ASME Press, New York.
8.
Ville
, F.
, and Nelias
, D.
, 1999
, “An Experimental Study on the Concentration and Shape of Dents Caused by Spherical Metallic Particles in EHL Contacts
,” STLE Tribol. Trans.
, 42
, No. 1
, pp. 231
–240
.9.
Wan
, G. T. Y.
, and Spikes
, H. A.
, 1988
, “The Behavior of Suspended Solid Particles in Rolling and Sliding Elastohydrodynamic Contacts
,” STLE Tribol. Trans.
, 31
, No. 1
, pp. 12
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.10.
Dwyer-Joyce, R. S., 1993, “The Effects of Lubricant Contamination on Rolling Bearing Performance,” Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, Mech. Eng. Dept., Tribology Section, London, England.
11.
Dwyer-Joyce
, R. S.
, Sayles
, R. S.
, and Ioannides
, E.
, 1994
, “An Investigation Into the Mechanisms of Closed Three-Body Abrasive Wear
,” Wear
, 175
, pp. 133
–142
.12.
Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C., 1959, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edition (reprint 1993), Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
13.
Nikas, G. K., 1999, “Theoretical Modelling of the Entrainment and Thermomechanical Effects of Contamination Particles in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts,” Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, Mech. Eng. Dept., Tribology Section, London, England.
14.
Blok
, H.
, 1937
, “Theoretical Study of Temperature Rise at Surfaces of Actual Contact Under Oiliness Lubricating Conditions
,” Proc. IMechE, General Discussion on Lubrication (Group IV: Properties and Testing)
, 2
, pp. 222
–235
.15.
Jaeger
, J. C.
, 1942
, “Moving Sources of Heat and the Temperature at Sliding Contacts
,” Proc. R. Soc. New South Wales
, 76
, pp. 203
–224
.16.
Cameron
, A.
, Gordon
, A. N.
, and Symm
, G. T.
, 1964
, “Contact Temperatures in Rolling/Sliding Surfaces
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
, 286
, pp. 45
–61
.17.
Bos, J., and Moes, H., 1994, “Frictional Heating of Tribological Contacts,” ASME J. Tribol., Paper 94-Trib-29.
18.
Barber
, J. R.
, 1970
, “The Conduction of Heat from Sliding Solids
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
, 13
, pp. 857
–868
.19.
Greenwood
, J. A.
, 1991
, “An Interpolation Formula for Flash Temperatures
,” Wear
, 150
, pp. 153
–158
.20.
Ryhming
, I. L.
, 1979
, “On Temperature and Heat Source Distributions in Sliding Contact Problems
,” Acta Mech.
, 32
, pp. 261
–274
.21.
Quinn
, T. F. J.
, and Winer
, W. O.
, 1985
, “The Thermal Aspects of Oxidational Wear
,” Wear
, 102
, pp. 67
–80
.22.
Johnson, K. L., 1985, Contact Mechanics (reprint 1994), Cambridge University Press, London and New York.
23.
Chapman, A. J., 1987, Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Macmillan, New York.
24.
Peterson
, M. B.
, Florek
, J. J.
, and Lee
, R. E.
, 1960
, “Sliding Characteristics of Metals at High Temperatures
,” ASLE Trans.
, 3
, pp. 101
–109
.25.
Storm
, M. L.
, 1951
, “Heat Conduction in Simple Metals
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 22
, No. 7
, pp. 940
–951
.26.
Chu
, W. H.
, and Abramson
, H. N.
, 1960
, “Transient Heat Conduction in a Rod of Finite Length, With Variable Thermal Properties
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 27
, pp. 617
–622
.27.
Ling
, F. F.
, and Rice
, J. S.
, 1966
, “Surface Temperature with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties
,” ASLE Trans.
, 9
, pp. 195
–201
.28.
Jan Slycke, 1995, private communication, Dept. of Material Science and Application, SKF-ERC, The Netherlands.
29.
Ju
, F. D.
, and Huang
, J. H.
, 1982
, “Heat Checking in the Contact Zone of a Bearing Seal (a Two-dimensional Model of a Single Moving Asperity)
,” Wear
, 79
, pp. 107
–118
.30.
Marscher
, W. D.
, 1982
, “Thermal Versus Mechanical Effects in High Speed Sliding
,” Wear
, 79
, pp. 129
–143
.31.
Tseng
, M.-L.
, and Burton
, R.
, 1982
, “Thermal Stress in a Two-Dimensional (Plane Stress) Half-Space for a Moving Heat Input
,” Wear
, 79
, pp. 1
–9
.32.
Roylance, B. J., Siu, S. W., and Vaughan, D. A., 1986, “Thermally-Related Stress Behavior in Concentrated Contacts and the Implications for Scuffing Failure,” Mechanisms and Surface Distress, Proc. of the 12th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology (1985), Butterworths, pp. 117–127.
33.
Ting
, B.-Y.
, and Winer
, W. O.
, 1989
, “Friction-Induced Thermal Influences in Elastic Contact Between Spherical Asperities
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 111
, pp. 315
–322
.34.
Kulkarni
, S. M.
, Rubin
, C. A.
, and Hahn
, G. T.
, 1991
, “Elasto-Plastic Coupled Temperature-Displacement Finite Element Analysis of Two-Dimensional Rolling-Sliding Contact With a Translating Heat Source
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 113
, pp. 93
–101
.35.
Boley, B. A., and Weiner, J. H., 1960, Theory of Thermal Stresses, Wiley, New York.
36.
Mercier
, R. J.
, Malkin
, S.
, and Mollendorf
, J. C.
, 1978
, “Thermal Stresses from a Moving Band Source of Heat on the Surface of a Semi-Infinite Solid
,” ASME J. Eng. Ind.
, 100
, pp. 43
–48
.37.
Russell
, J. A.
, Campbell
, W. E.
, Burton
, R. A.
, and Ku
, P. M.
, 1965
, “Boundary Lubrication Behavior of Organic Films at Low Temperatures
,” ASLE Trans.
, 8
, pp. 48
–58
.38.
Lai
, W. T.
, and Cheng
, H. S.
, 1985
, “Temperature Analysis in Lubricated Simple Sliding Rough Contacts
,” ASLE Trans.
, 28
, No. 3
, pp. 303
–312
.39.
Zantopoulos
, H.
, 1998
, “Some Observations on Scuffing in Tapered Roller Bearings
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 120
, pp. 427
–435
.Copyright © 2001
by ASME
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