Fig. 1 Examples of different soiled panels used in this work: ( a ) and ( c ) Enertik, ( b ) Amerisolar, and ( d ) Sunpower More about this image found in Examples of different soiled panels used in this work: ( a ) and ( c ) Ener...

Fig. 2 Flowchart of the first part of the algorithm More about this image found in Flowchart of the first part of the algorithm

Fig. 3 Sample selection process: ( a ) original image, ( b ) crop zone, the maximum value is found at ( 1069 , 601 ) , ( c ) first sample of 100 × 100 pixels, and ( d ) second sample of 50 × 50 pixels More about this image found in Sample selection process: ( a ) original image, ( b ) crop zone, the maximu...

Fig. 4 Comparison of image patches that have been selected as samples for the simulation, ( a ) and ( c ) automatic samples, while ( b ) and ( d ) correspond to manual selection More about this image found in Comparison of image patches that have been selected as samples for the simu...

Fig. 5 Flowchart of the second part of the algorithm More about this image found in Flowchart of the second part of the algorithm

Fig. 6 Statistical comparison of the sample with different candidates: ( a ) mean and mode and ( b ) standard deviation. This process has to be repeated for each dataset. More about this image found in Statistical comparison of the sample with different candidates: ( a ) ...

Fig. 7 Examples of the simulation using the Sunpower panel as a base and a sample of dust from the experimental images. ( a ) α = 0.00 , ( b ) α = 0.27 , ( c ) α = 0.63 , and ( d ) α = 0.90 corresponding to the 1st, 4th, 8th, and 11th simula... More about this image found in Examples of the simulation using the Sunpower panel as a base and a sample ...

Fig. 8 Comparison of mean, mode, and median for the case of ( a ) uniform soiling and ( b ) nonuniform soiling. These figures have the purpose of confirming that the mean value is representative in the distribution. More about this image found in Comparison of mean, mode, and median for the case of ( a ) uniform ...

Fig. 9 Dust percentage results: ( a ) and ( b ) corresponds to C3, ( c ) and ( d ) C5, and ( e ) and ( f ) C7. ( a ) , ( c ) , and ( e ) are the result of automatic selection, while ( b ) , ( d ) , and ( f ... More about this image found in Dust percentage results: ( a ) and ( b ) corresponds to C3,...

Fig. 10 Comparison between simulated and experimental images with the same dust percentage: ( a .1 ) simulated image C1 5 with 36.36 % , ( a .2 ) experimental image C1 4 with 36.42 % , ( b .1 ) simulated image C7 7 with 54.55 % , and ( b .2 ) e... More about this image found in Comparison between simulated and experimental images with the same dust per...

Fig. 11 ( a ) – ( c ) Comparison between the first three images of dataset C3. ( a ) corresponds to the clean panel named image 01, and ( b ) is named 02-R and was originally removed due to its similarity with image 02 ( c ) . ( a .1 ) – ( c .1 ) ... More about this image found in ( a ) – ( c ) Comparison between the first three images of datas...

Fig. 12 Boxplot results of different datasets and their simulations: ( a ) dataset C2, ( b ) dataset C3, ( c ) dataset C6, and ( d ) dataset C7 More about this image found in Boxplot results of different datasets and their simulations: ( a ) ...

Fig. 13 ( a ) – ( d ) Dataset C2 and ( e ) – ( h ) dataset C6 More about this image found in ( a ) – ( d ) Dataset C2 and ( e ) – ( h ) dataset...

Fig. 14 Lower percentage of dust: ( a ) C4 image 5, caused objects, ( b ) C3 image 2, ( c ) C5 image 2, corresponds to a false positive caused by reflection, and ( d ) C7 image 2 More about this image found in Lower percentage of dust: ( a ) C4 image 5, caused objects, ( b...

Fig. 1 Flowchart of the research carried out More about this image found in Flowchart of the research carried out

Fig. 2 ( a ) Arrangement of light sources used in the proposed SS and ( b ) ray tracing simulation for the spatial arrangement of light sources More about this image found in ( a ) Arrangement of light sources used in the proposed SS and ( b ...