...-walled tubular specimens subjected to proportional and nonproportional loading. The true fracture stress and strain were obtained by testing solid shafts under monotonic torsion. Experimental results reveal that the material under investigation does not display significant nonproportional hardening...

... loading to its critical size causing fast fracture. In fatigue-creep interaction at the shaft surface, high tensile residual stress relaxation under high operating temperature causes creep crack initiation. The cracks may then grow under the combination of cyclic loading and high operating temperature...