In this paper, the impact of recycling and remanufacturing on the behavior of low-density polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube (LDPE/MWCNT) composites is investigated. LDPE/MWCNT composites with 0.1–5 wt%, previously manufactured by injection molding, were mechanically recycled and remanufactured by injection molding and 3D filament extrusion, and the rheological, electrical, and mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with those of virgin composites under the same conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the recycled LDPE/MWCNT composites have similar rheological, electrical, and mechanical properties as that of virgin composites, if not better. Therefore, the recycled LDPE/MWCNT composites have a great potential for being used in engineering applications, while reducing the environmental impact.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Scott
, A.
, 2018
, “Not-so-Fantastic Plastic: Europe is Ready to Shake up the Plastics Industry to Resolve its Failure to Recycle
,” Chem. Eng. News
, 96
(12
), pp. 16
–18
.2.
Manzetti
, S.
, and Anderson
, O.
, 2013
, “Carbon Nanotubes in Electronics: Background and Discussion for Waste-Handling Strategies
,” Challenges
, 4
(1
), pp. 75
–84
. 3.
Nowack
, B.
, David
, M. R.
, Fissan
, H.
, Morris
, H.
, Shatkin
, J. A.
, Stintz
, M.
, Zepp
, R.
, and Brouwer
, D.
, 2013
, “Potential Release Scenarios for Carbon Nanotubes Used in Composites
,” Env. Int.
, 59
, pp. 1
–11
. 4.
Kingston
, C.
, Zepp
, R.
, Andrady
, A.
, Boverhof
, D.
, Fehir
, R.
, Hawkins
, D.
, Roberts
, J.
, Sayre
, P.
, Shelton
, B.
, Sultan
, Y.
, Vejins
, V.
, and Wohlleben
, W.
, 2014
, “Release Characteristics of Selected Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
,” Carbon
, 68
, pp. 33
–57
. 5.
Beigmoradi
, R.
, Samimi
, A.
, and Mohebbi-Kalhori
, D.
, 2018
, “Engineering of Oriented Carbon Nanotubes in Composite Materials
,” Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.
, 9
(1
), pp. 415
–435
.6.
Gao
, J. L.
, Liu
, Y. H.
, and Li
, D. M.
, 2011
, “Preparation and Properties of Recycled Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Composites
,” Adv. Mat. Res.
, 279
, pp. 106
–110
. 7.
Yasser
, Z.
, 2013
, “Recent Progress on Preparation and Properties of Nanocomposites From Recycled Polymers: A Review
,” Waste Manage.
, 33
(3
), pp. 598
–604
. 8.
Stan
, F.
, Sandu
, I. L.
, Fetecau
, C.
, and Rosculet
, R. T.
, 2017
, “Effect of Reprocessing on the Rheological, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Composites
,” ASME J. Micro Nano-Manuf.
, 5
(2
), p. 021005
. 9.
Soroudi
, A.
, and Jakubowicz
, I.
, 2013
, “Recycling of Bioplastics, Their Blends and Biocomposites: A Review
,” Eur. Polym. J.
, 49
(10
), pp. 2839
–2858
. 10.
Oliveux
, G.
, Dandy
, L. O.
, and Leeke
, G. A.
, 2015
, “Current Status of Recycling of Fibre Reinforced Polymers: Review of Technologies, Reuse and Resulting Properties
,” Prog. Mat. Sci.
, 72
, pp. 61
–99
. 11.
Liu
, Y.
, Farnsworth
, M.
, and Tiwari
, A.
, 2017
, “A Review of Optimisation Techniques Used in the Composite Recycling Area: State-of-the-Art and Steps Towards a Research Agenda
,” J. Clean. Prod.
, 140
(3
), pp. 1775
–1781
. 12.
Vance
, M. E.
, Kuiken
, T.
, Vejerano
, E. P.
, McGinnis
, S. P.
, Hochella
, M. F.
, Jr., Rejeski
, D.
, and Hull
, M. S.
, 2015
, “Nanotechnology in the Real World: Redeveloping the Nanomaterial Consumer Products Inventory
,” Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.
, 6
, pp. 1769
–1780
. 13.
Chong
, S.
, Pan
, G.-T.
, Khalid
, M.
, Yang
, T. C.-K.
, Hung
, S.-T.
, Huang
, C.-M.
, 2017
, “Physical Characterization and Pre-Assessment of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene as 3D Printing Materials
,” J. Polym. Environ.
, 25
(2
), pp. 136
–145
. 14.
Stoof
, D.
, and Pickering
, K.
, 2018
, “Sustainable Composite Fused Modeling Filament Using Recycled Pre-Consumer Polyethylene
,” Compos. Part B
, 135
, pp. 110
–118
. 15.
Kalsoom
, U.
, Nesterenko
, P. N.
, and Paull
, B.
, 2016
, “Recent Developments in 3D Printable Composite Materials
,” RSC Adv.
, 6
(65
), pp. 60355
–60371
. 16.
Yang
, C.
, Tian
, X.
, Li
, D.
, Cao
, Y.
, Zhao
, F.
, and Shi
, C.
, 2017
, “Influence of Thermal Processing Conditions in 3D Printing on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties of PEEK Material
,” J. Mater. Process Technol.
, 248
, pp. 1
–7
. 17.
Ngo
, T. D.
, Kashani
, A.
, Imbalzano
, G.
, Nguyen
, K. T. Q.
, and Hui
, D.
, 2018
, “Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges
,” Compos. Part B
, 143
, pp. 172
–196
. 18.
Zhou
, Y.
, Lei
, L.
, Yang
, B.
, Li
, J.
, and Ren
, J.
, 2018
, “Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
,” Polym. Test
, 68
(A1–A2
), pp. 34
–38
. 19.
Dul
, S.
, Fambri
, L.
, and Pegoretti
, A.
, 2018
, “Filaments Production and Fused Deposition Modelling of ABS/Carbon Nanotubes Composites
,” Nanomaterials
, 8
(1
), p. 49
. 20.
Nanocyl Technical Data Sheet: PLASTICYL™ LDPE2001, Edited 26th January 2016.
21.
Stan
, F.
, Fetecau
, C.
, Stanciu
, N. V.
, Rosculet
, T. R.
, and Sandu
, I. L.
, 2017
, “Investigation of Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastic Polyurethane/MWCNT Composites
,” Proceedings of the ASME 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, 2, MSEC2017-2760
, Los Angeles, CA
, June 4–8
, p. V002T03A016.22.
Montgomery
, D. C.
, 2019
, Design and Analysis of Experiments
, John Wiley & Sons
, New York
.23.
Jin
, H.
, Gonzalez-Gutierrez
, J.
, Oblak
, P.
, Zupančič
, B.
, and Emri
, I.
, 2003
, “Effect of Extensive Recycling on Flow Properties of LDPE
,” ANTEC
, Cincinnati, OH
, April 22–24
.24.
Jin
, H.
, Gonzalez-Gutierrez
, J.
, Oblak
, P
, Zupančič
, B.
, and Emri
, I.
, 2012
, “The Effect of Extensive Mechanical Recycling on the Properties of Low Density Polyethylene
,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil.
, 97
(11
), pp. 2262
–2272
. 25.
Liang
, J. Z.
, Chen
, C. Y.
, Zou
, S. Y.
, Tsui
, C. P.
, Tang
, C. Y.
, and Zhang
, S. D.
, 2015
, “Melt Flow Behavior of Polypropylene Composites Filled with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes During Extrusion
,” Polym. Test
, 45
(A1–A2
), pp. 41
–46
. 26.
Nguyen
, N. A.
, Bowland
, C. C.
, and Naskar
, A. K.
, 2018
, “A General Method to Improve 3D-Printability and Inter-Layer Adhesion in Lignin-Based Composites
,” Appl. Mater. Today
, 12
, pp. 138
–152
. 27.
Bauhofer
, W.
, and Kovacs
, J. Z.
, 2009
, “A Review and Analysis of Electrical Percolation in Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 69
(10
), pp. 1486
–1498
. 28.
Du
, F.
, Fischer
, J. E.
, and Winey
, K. I.
, 2005
, “Effect of Nanotube Alignment on Percolation Conductivity in Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites
,” Phys. Rev. B
, 72
(12
), pp. 1
–4
. 29.
Rahaman
, M.
, Chaki
, T. K.
, and Khastgir
, D.
, 2011
, “Development of High Performance EMI Shielding Material From EVA, NBR, and Their Blends: Effect of Carbon Black Structure
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 46
(11
), pp. 3989
–3999
. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
