Radial Flow Velocity Field for Predicting Upper-Bound Solutions for Plane Strain Extrusion

The upper bound of the average ram pressure, based on an assumed radial flow velocity field, is derived for plane strain extrusion. Ram pressures are calculated for a complete range of reduction ratios and die angles, considering a wide range of frictional conditions. Results are compared with upper-bound ram pressures obtained by considering velocity fields other than the radial flow field, and it is shown that for a considerable range of reduction ratios and die angles, the radial flow field yields better upper bounds for the average ram pressure.