This study presents a semi analytical solution for the transient weakly underexpanded jet. Different polytropic processes are compared with available experimental data in the literature to assess the best process for steady and transient weakly underexpanded jets. The steady state results agree reasonably well with the experimental and analytical data. It is also shown that isentropic process evaluates steady injection better than other processes. Tip penetration of transient results was compared with available data in literature, and no exact agreement for isothermal and isentropic is observed. This appears due to the linearization of equation of state. It is suggested that more accurate linearization with a combination of process should be used for transient injection. Effects of pressure ratio and exit velocity on the pressure profile are shown. It is also concluded that during injection locations of shock cells do not vary with pressure ratios while are affected by exit velocity.

References

1.
Gribben
,
B. J.
,
Cantariti
,
F.
,
Badcock
,
K. J.
, and
Richards
,
B. E
, 1998, “
Numerical Study of an Under-Expanded Jet
,”
Proceedings of the 3rd European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles Held at ESTEC
,
Noordwijk
,
The Netherlands
.
2.
Ishii
,
R.
,
Hujimoto
,
H.
,
Hatta
,
N.
, and
Umeda
,
Y.
, 1999, “
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Circular Pulse Jets
,”
J. Fluid Mech.
,
392
, pp.
129
153
.
3.
Sfeir
,
A. A.
, 1975, “
The Velocity and Temperature Fields of Rectangular Jets
,”
Int. J. Mass Transfer
,
19
, pp.
1289
1297
.
4.
Seiner
,
J. M.
,
Dasht
,
S. M.
, and
Wolf
,
D. E.
, 1985, “
Analysis of Turbulent Underexpanded Jets, Part II: Shock Noise Features Using SCIPVIS
,”
AIAA J.
,
23
, pp.
669
677
.
5.
Dash
,
S. M.
,
Wolf
,
D. E.
, and
Seiner
,
J. M.
, 1985, “
Analysis of Turbulent Underexpanded Jets, Part I: Parabolized Navier-Stokes Model, SCIPVIS
,”
AIAA J.
,
23
, pp.
505
514
.
6.
Panda
,
J.
, 1998, “
Shock Oscillation in Under-Expanded Screeching Jets
,”
J. Fluid Mech.
,
363
, pp.
173
198
.
7.
Li
,
Y.
,
Kirkpatrick
,
A.
,
Mitchell
,
C.
, and
Willson
,
B.
, 2004, “
Characteristic and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of High-Pressure Gas Jet Injection
,”
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
,
126
, pp.
192
197
.
8.
Adamson
,
T. C.
, and
Nicholls
,
J. A.
, 1959, “
On the Structure of Jets from Highly Underexpanded Nozzles into Still Air
,” J. Aerosp. Sci., pp.
16
25
.
9.
Love
,
E. S.
, and
Grigsby
,
C. E.
, 1955, “
Some Studies of Axi-Symmetric Free Jets Exhausting from Sonic and Supersonic Nozzles into Supersonic Streams
,” NACA, Paper No. RML54L31.
10.
Owen
,
P. L.
, and
Thornhill
,
C. K.
, 1952, “
The Flow in an Axially-Symmetric Supersonic Jet from a Nearly Sonic Orifice into Vacuum
,” A. R. C. Technical Report, R and M 2616.
11.
Pao
,
S. P.
, and
Abdol-Hamid
,
K. S.
, 1996, “
Numerical Simulation of Jet Aerodynamics Using the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Code PAB3D
,” NASA Technical Paper No. 2596.
12.
Love
,
E. S.
,
Grigsby
,
C. E.
,
Lee
,
L. P.
, and
Woodling
,
M. J.
, 1959, “
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Axi-Symmetric Free Jets
,” NACA, Paper No. TR R6-6.
13.
Menon
,
N.
, and
Skews
,
B. W.
, 2009, “
Effect of Nozzle Inlet Geometry on Underexpanded Supersonic Jet Characteristics
,”
Shock Waves
,
2
(
8
), pp.
955
960
.
14.
Pack
,
D. C.
, 1950, “
A Note on Prandtl’s Formula for the Wave-Length of a Supersonic Gas Jet, Quart
,”
J. Mech. Appl. Math.
,
3
, pp.
173
181
.
15.
Howe
,
M. S.
, and
Ffowcs-Williams
,
J. E.
, 1978, “
On the Noise Generated by an Imperfectly-Expanded Supersonic Jet
,”
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
289
(
1358
), pp.
271
314
.
16.
Tam
,
C. K. W.
, 1972, “
On the Noise of a Nearly Ideally Expanded Supersonic Jet
,”
J. Fluid Mech.
51
(
1
), pp.
69
95
.
17.
Kleinstein
,
G.
, 1964, “
Mixing in Turbulent Axially Symmetric Free Jets
,”
J. Spacecr. Rockets
,
1
(
4
), pp.
403
408
.
18.
Emami
,
B.
,
Bussmann
,
M.
, and
Tran
,
H. N.
, 2009, “
A Mean Flow Field Solution to a Moderately Under/Over-Expanded Turbulent Supersonic Jet
,”
C. R. Mec.
337
, pp.
185
191
.
19.
Norum
,
T. D.
, and
Seiner
,
J. M.
, 1982, “
Measurements of Mean Static Pressure and Far-field Acoustics of Shock Containing Supersonic Jets
,” NASA Technical Memorandum Paper No. 84521.
20.
Emami
,
B.
,
Bussmann
,
M.
, and
Tran
,
H.
, “
Application of Realizability and Shock Unsteadiness to k-ɛ Simulations of Under-Expanded Axisymmetric Supersonic Free Jets
,”
J. Fluid. Eng.
132
(
4
), pp.
041104
(2010).
21.
Cumber
,
P. S.
,
Fairweather
,
M.
,
Falle
,
S. A. E. G.
, and
GiddJngs
,
J. R.
, 1995, “
Predictions of the Structure of Turbulent, Highly Underexpanded Jets
,”
J. Fluids Eng.
,
117
, pp.
599
603
. Trans. ASME.
22.
Fairweather
,
M.
, and
Ranson
,
K. R.
, 2006, “
Prediction of Underexpanded Jets Using Compressibility-Corrected, Two-Equation Turbulence Models
,”
Prog. Comput. Fluid Dyn.
,
6
, pp.
122
128
.
23.
Sarkar
,
S.
,
Erlebacher
,
G.
,
Hussaini
,
M. Y.
, and
Kreiss
,
H. O.
, 1991, “
The Analysis and Modelling of Dilatational Terms in Compressible Turbulence
,”
J. Fluid Mech.
,
227
, pp.
473
493
.
24.
Zeman
,
O.
, 1990, “
Dilatation Dissipation: The Concept and Application in Modeling Compressible Mixing Layers
,”
Phys. Fluids.
,
2
(
2
), pp.
178
188
.
25.
White
,
T. R.
, and
Milton
,
B. E.
, 2008, “
Shock Wave Calibration of Under-Expanded Natural Gas Fuel Jets
,”
Shock Waves
,
18
, pp.
353
364
.
26.
Hill
,
Ph.G.
, and
Ouellette
,
P.
, 1999, “
Transient Turbulent Gaseous Fuel Jets for Diesel Engines
,”
J. Fluids Eng.
,
121
, pp.
93
101
.
27.
Lacerda
,
N. L.
, 1987, “
On the Start up of Supersonic Underexpanded Jets
,” Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
28.
Ouellette
,
P.
, and
Hill
,
P. G.
, 2000, “
Turbulent Transient Gas Injections
,”
J. Fluids Eng.
,
122
, pp.
743
753
.
29.
Radulescu
,
M. I.
, and
Law
,
Ch. K.
, 2007, “
The Transient Start of Supersonic Jets
,”
J. Fluid Mech.
,
578
, pp.
331
369
.
30.
Witze
,
P. O.
, 1974, “
Centerline Velocity Decay of Compressible Free Jets
,”
AIAA J.
,
12
(
4
) pp.
416
418
.
31.
de Hoog
,
F. R.
,
Knight
,
J. H.
, and
Stokes
,
A. N.
, 1982, “
An Improved Method for Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms
,”
SIAM (Soc. Ind. Appl. Math.) J. Sci. and Stat. Comput.
,
3
, pp.
357
366
.
32.
Ra
,
Y.
,
Kong
,
S. C.
,
Reitz
,
R. D.
,
Rutland
,
C. J.
, and
Han
,
Z.
, 2005, “
Multidimensional Modeling of Transient Gas Jet Injection Using Coarse Computational Grids
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2005-01-0208.
33.
Love
,
E. S.
,
Grigsby
,
C. E.
,
Lee
,
L. P.
, and
Woodling
,
M. J.
, 1959, “
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Axisymmetric Free Jets
,” Technical Report 19980228067. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
You do not currently have access to this content.