... or a system (e.g., mass diffusivity), it is critical to find the optimal parameter estimators that minimize or maximize a chosen objective function. In practice, iterative local methods (e.g., Levenberg–Marquardt method) and heuristic methods (e.g., genetic algorithms) are commonly employed for least squares...

... represented by Eq. (14) h times using either algorithms mentioned above (i.e., exhaustive search in the solution interval or use the median of h parameter solutions as initial values of an iterative least-squares local method). In some cases, it may be expensive to solve these n equations h times...